> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://docs.graphora.io/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# Ontology Examples

> Complete ontology examples for different domains and use cases

# Ontology Examples

This section provides complete, real-world ontology examples that demonstrate different features and patterns. Each example includes entities, relationships, quality rules, and explanations of design decisions.

## Financial Reporting Ontology

A comprehensive ontology for SEC Form 10-K financial documents with quality validation:

<CodeGroup>
  ```yaml Financial Reporting Ontology theme={null}
  version: 1

  qualityConfig:
    overallScoreThreshold: 80
    maxViolationsPerEntity: 5
    confidenceThreshold: 0.7
    distributionRules:
      maxDuplicateRatio: 0.3
      minUniqueRatio: 0.1

  entities:
    Metadata:
      properties:
        name:
          type: string
          description: "Document identifier (e.g., Form13_2023)"
          required: true
          quality:
            format:
              pattern: "^Form[0-9]+_[0-9]{4}$"
              caseFormat: "titleCase"
        type:
          type: string
          description: "Document type classification"
          required: true
          quality:
            business:
              allowedValues: ["financial_report", "annual_report", "quarterly_report"]
        filingDate:
          type: string
          description: "Filing date in YYYY-MM-DD format"
          required: true
          quality:
            format:
              pattern: "^[0-9]{4}-[0-9]{2}-[0-9]{2}$"
        context:
          type: string
          description: "High-level document summary"
          index: true
          quality:
            format:
              minLength: 10
              maxLength: 500
      relationships:
        ABOUT_COMPANY:
          target: Company
          cardinality: manyToOne
          description: "Document subject company"

    Company:
      properties:
        name:
          type: string
          description: "Official company legal name"
          required: true
          unique: true
          index: true
          quality:
            format:
              pattern: "^[A-Z][a-zA-Z0-9\\s&.,-]+$"
              minLength: 2
              maxLength: 100
              caseFormat: "titleCase"
            business:
              forbiddenValues: ["Unknown Company", "N/A", "TBD", ""]
        cik:
          type: string
          description: "SEC Central Index Key (10-digit identifier)"
          unique: true
          quality:
            format:
              pattern: "^[0-9]{10}$"
        ticker:
          type: string
          description: "Stock exchange ticker symbol"
          unique: true
          index: true
          quality:
            format:
              pattern: "^[A-Z]{1,5}$"
              caseFormat: "upperCase"
        industry:
          type: string
          description: "Primary industry classification"
          required: true
          index: true
          quality:
            business:
              allowedValues:
                - "Technology"
                - "Healthcare"
                - "Financial Services"
                - "Manufacturing"
                - "Retail"
                - "Energy"
                - "Real Estate"
                - "Utilities"
                - "Telecommunications"
      relationships:
        HAS_BUSINESS:
          target: Business
          cardinality: oneToMany
        HAS_RISK_FACTOR:
          target: RiskFactor
          cardinality: oneToMany
        HAS_LEGAL_PROCEEDING:
          target: LegalProceeding
          cardinality: oneToMany

    Business:
      properties:
        description:
          type: string
          description: "General business description"
          required: true
          quality:
            format:
              minLength: 20
              maxLength: 1000
        employees:
          type: integer
          description: "Total number of employees"
          quality:
            business:
              minValue: 1
              maxValue: 1000000
        revenue:
          type: float
          description: "Annual revenue in millions USD"
          quality:
            business:
              minValue: 0.0
              maxValue: 1000000.0
        seasonality:
          type: string
          description: "Business seasonality patterns"
          quality:
            format:
              maxLength: 200
            business:
              forbiddenValues: ["None", "N/A", "Unknown"]
      relationships:
        HAS_SEGMENT:
          target: BusinessSegment
          cardinality: oneToMany
        HAS_PRODUCT:
          target: Product
          cardinality: oneToMany
        COMPETES_WITH:
          target: Company
          cardinality: manyToMany
          properties:
            market_overlap:
              type: string
              description: "Description of competitive overlap"

    RiskFactor:
      properties:
        name:
          type: string
          description: "Risk factor identifier"
          required: true
          unique: true
          quality:
            format:
              minLength: 5
              maxLength: 100
              caseFormat: "titleCase"
            business:
              forbiddenValues: ["Unknown Risk", "General Risk", "Other"]
        description:
          type: string
          description: "Detailed risk description"
          required: true
          quality:
            format:
              minLength: 50
              maxLength: 2000
        potentialImpact:
          type: string
          description: "Potential business impact"
          quality:
            business:
              allowedValues: ["Low", "Medium", "High", "Critical"]
        mitigationStrategy:
          type: string
          description: "Risk mitigation approach"
          quality:
            format:
              minLength: 10
              maxLength: 500

    BusinessSegment:
      properties:
        name:
          type: string
          description: "Business segment name"
          required: true
          quality:
            format:
              minLength: 2
              maxLength: 50
              caseFormat: "titleCase"
        revenuePercentage:
          type: float
          description: "Percentage of total company revenue"
          quality:
            business:
              minValue: 0.0
              maxValue: 100.0
              inclusiveMin: true
              inclusiveMax: true
        description:
          type: string
          description: "Segment business description"
          quality:
            format:
              minLength: 20
              maxLength: 500

    Product:
      properties:
        name:
          type: string
          description: "Product or service name"
          required: true
          quality:
            format:
              minLength: 2
              maxLength: 100
              caseFormat: "titleCase"
        category:
          type: string
          description: "Product category"
          quality:
            business:
              allowedValues: ["Software", "Hardware", "Service", "Platform", "Solution"]
        description:
          type: string
          description: "Product description"
          quality:
            format:
              minLength: 10
              maxLength: 300

    LegalProceeding:
      properties:
        caseName:
          type: string
          description: "Legal case identifier"
          required: true
          unique: true
          quality:
            format:
              minLength: 5
              maxLength: 200
        status:
          type: string
          description: "Current case status"
          required: true
          quality:
            business:
              allowedValues: ["Active", "Settled", "Dismissed", "Pending"]
        description:
          type: string
          description: "Case description and potential impact"
          required: true
          quality:
            format:
              minLength: 20
              maxLength: 1000
        potentialLiability:
          type: float
          description: "Estimated liability in millions USD"
          quality:
            business:
              minValue: 0.0
              maxValue: 10000.0
  ```
</CodeGroup>

### Key Features of This Ontology

<AccordionGroup>
  <Accordion title="Document Structure">
    * **Metadata entity** captures document-level information
    * **Filing date validation** ensures proper date format
    * **Document type constraints** limit to valid financial document types
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="Company Information">
    * **CIK validation** enforces 10-digit SEC identifier format
    * **Ticker symbol** validation for stock exchange symbols
    * **Industry classification** uses controlled vocabulary
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="Quality Controls">
    * **Pattern matching** for structured data (dates, CIK, ticker)
    * **Business rules** prevent common data quality issues
    * **Range validation** for numeric fields like revenue and employees
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="Relationship Modeling">
    * **Hierarchical structure** from company to business segments
    * **Many-to-many** competitive relationships
    * **One-to-many** risk factors and legal proceedings
  </Accordion>
</AccordionGroup>

## Technology Company Ontology

Simplified ontology focused on technology companies and their products:

<CodeGroup>
  ```yaml Technology Company Ontology theme={null}
  version: 1

  qualityConfig:
    overallScoreThreshold: 75
    confidenceThreshold: 0.65

  entities:
    Company:
      properties:
        name:
          type: string
          description: "Company name"
          required: true
          unique: true
          quality:
            format:
              minLength: 2
              maxLength: 80
              caseFormat: "titleCase"
            business:
              forbiddenValues: ["Unknown", "TBD", "N/A"]
        website:
          type: string
          description: "Company website URL"
          quality:
            format:
              pattern: "^https?://[a-zA-Z0-9.-]+\\.[a-zA-Z]{2,}.*$"
        foundedYear:
          type: integer
          description: "Year company was founded"
          quality:
            business:
              minValue: 1950
              maxValue: 2024
        employeeCount:
          type: integer
          description: "Number of employees"
          quality:
            business:
              minValue: 1
              maxValue: 500000
        headquarters:
          type: string
          description: "Company headquarters location"
          quality:
            format:
              minLength: 5
              maxLength: 100
      relationships:
        DEVELOPS:
          target: Product
          cardinality: oneToMany
        ACQUIRED:
          target: Company
          cardinality: oneToMany
          properties:
            acquisitionDate:
              type: string
              description: "Date of acquisition (YYYY-MM-DD)"
              quality:
                format:
                  pattern: "^[0-9]{4}-[0-9]{2}-[0-9]{2}$"
            acquisitionPrice:
              type: float
              description: "Acquisition price in millions USD"

    Product:
      properties:
        name:
          type: string
          description: "Product name"
          required: true
          quality:
            format:
              minLength: 2
              maxLength: 60
              caseFormat: "titleCase"
        category:
          type: string
          description: "Product category"
          required: true
          quality:
            business:
              allowedValues:
                - "Mobile App"
                - "Web Application"
                - "Software Platform"
                - "API Service"
                - "Hardware Device"
                - "Cloud Service"
                - "Development Tool"
        launchDate:
          type: string
          description: "Product launch date"
          quality:
            format:
              pattern: "^[0-9]{4}-[0-9]{2}-[0-9]{2}$"
        description:
          type: string
          description: "Product description"
          quality:
            format:
              minLength: 10
              maxLength: 300
        pricingModel:
          type: string
          description: "How the product is priced"
          quality:
            business:
              allowedValues:
                - "Free"
                - "Freemium"
                - "Subscription"
                - "One-time Purchase"
                - "Usage-based"
                - "Enterprise License"
      relationships:
        INTEGRATES_WITH:
          target: Product
          cardinality: manyToMany
          description: "Product integration relationships"
        TARGETS:
          target: Market
          cardinality: manyToMany

    Market:
      properties:
        name:
          type: string
          description: "Market segment name"
          required: true
          quality:
            format:
              minLength: 3
              maxLength: 50
              caseFormat: "titleCase"
        size:
          type: string
          description: "Market size description"
          quality:
            business:
              allowedValues: ["Small", "Medium", "Large", "Enterprise"]
        region:
          type: string
          description: "Geographic region"
          quality:
            business:
              allowedValues:
                - "North America"
                - "Europe"
                - "Asia Pacific"
                - "Latin America"
                - "Middle East"
                - "Africa"
                - "Global"

    Person:
      properties:
        name:
          type: string
          description: "Person's full name"
          required: true
          quality:
            format:
              minLength: 2
              maxLength: 60
              caseFormat: "titleCase"
        role:
          type: string
          description: "Role or title"
          quality:
            business:
              allowedValues:
                - "CEO"
                - "CTO"
                - "CFO"
                - "VP Engineering"
                - "VP Product"
                - "VP Marketing"
                - "Director"
                - "Senior Manager"
                - "Manager"
                - "Engineer"
                - "Designer"
                - "Founder"
        linkedin:
          type: string
          description: "LinkedIn profile URL"
          quality:
            format:
              pattern: "^https://www\\.linkedin\\.com/in/[a-zA-Z0-9-]+/?$"
      relationships:
        WORKS_FOR:
          target: Company
          cardinality: manyToOne
          properties:
            startDate:
              type: string
              description: "Employment start date"
            isCurrent:
              type: boolean
              description: "Whether currently employed"
              required: true
  ```
</CodeGroup>

### Technology Ontology Highlights

* **Web-focused validation**: Website and LinkedIn URL patterns
* **Product categorization**: Technology-specific product types
* **Pricing models**: Common SaaS and technology pricing approaches
* **Market segmentation**: Geographic and size-based market classification
* **Person-company relationships**: Employment tracking with temporal data

## Healthcare Research Ontology

Ontology designed for medical research documents and clinical data:

<CodeGroup>
  ```yaml Healthcare Research Ontology theme={null}
  version: 1

  qualityConfig:
    overallScoreThreshold: 85  # Higher threshold for medical data
    confidenceThreshold: 0.8     # Higher confidence required

  entities:
    Study:
      properties:
        title:
          type: string
          description: "Research study title"
          required: true
          quality:
            format:
              minLength: 10
              maxLength: 200
        studyId:
          type: string
          description: "Unique study identifier"
          unique: true
          required: true
          quality:
            format:
              pattern: "^[A-Z]{2,4}-[0-9]{4,6}$"
        phase:
          type: string
          description: "Clinical trial phase"
          quality:
            business:
              allowedValues: ["Preclinical", "Phase I", "Phase II", "Phase III", "Phase IV"]
        status:
          type: string
          description: "Current study status"
          required: true
          quality:
            business:
              allowedValues: ["Planning", "Active", "Completed", "Terminated", "Suspended"]
        startDate:
          type: string
          description: "Study start date"
          quality:
            format:
              pattern: "^[0-9]{4}-[0-9]{2}-[0-9]{2}$"
        participantCount:
          type: integer
          description: "Number of study participants"
          quality:
            business:
              minValue: 1
              maxValue: 100000
      relationships:
        INVESTIGATES:
          target: Condition
          cardinality: manyToMany
        TESTS:
          target: Treatment
          cardinality: manyToMany
        CONDUCTED_BY:
          target: Institution
          cardinality: manyToOne

    Condition:
      properties:
        name:
          type: string
          description: "Medical condition name"
          required: true
          unique: true
          quality:
            format:
              minLength: 3
              maxLength: 100
              caseFormat: "title_case"
        icdCode:
          type: string
          description: "ICD-10 diagnostic code"
          quality:
            format:
              pattern: "^[A-Z][0-9]{2}(\\.[0-9]{1,2})?$"
        severity:
          type: string
          description: "Condition severity level"
          quality:
            business:
              allowedValues: ["Mild", "Moderate", "Severe", "Critical"]
        prevalence:
          type: string
          description: "Condition prevalence"
          quality:
            business:
              allowedValues: ["Rare", "Uncommon", "Common", "Very Common"]

    Treatment:
      properties:
        name:
          type: string
          description: "Treatment name"
          required: true
          quality:
            format:
              minLength: 2
              maxLength: 80
              caseFormat: "titleCase"
        type:
          type: string
          description: "Treatment type"
          required: true
          quality:
            business:
              allowedValues: ["Drug", "Device", "Procedure", "Therapy", "Surgery"]
        approvalStatus:
          type: string
          description: "Regulatory approval status"
          quality:
            business:
              allowedValues: ["Investigational", "FDA Approved", "EMA Approved", "Withdrawn"]
        mechanism:
          type: string
          description: "Treatment mechanism of action"
          quality:
            format:
              minLength: 10
              maxLength: 300

    Institution:
      properties:
        name:
          type: string
          description: "Institution name"
          required: true
          unique: true
          quality:
            format:
              minLength: 5
              maxLength: 100
              caseFormat: "titleCase"
        type:
          type: string
          description: "Institution type"
          required: true
          quality:
            business:
              allowedValues: ["Hospital", "University", "Research Center", "Pharmaceutical Company"]
        country:
          type: string
          description: "Institution country"
          required: true
          quality:
            format:
              minLength: 2
              maxLength: 50
        city:
          type: string
          description: "Institution city"
          quality:
            format:
              minLength: 2
              maxLength: 50

    Researcher:
      properties:
        name:
          type: string
          description: "Researcher full name"
          required: true
          quality:
            format:
              minLength: 5
              maxLength: 60
              caseFormat: "titleCase"
        degree:
          type: string
          description: "Highest degree"
          quality:
            business:
              allowedValues: ["MD", "PhD", "MD PhD", "MS", "MA", "BS", "Other"]
        specialization:
          type: string
          description: "Medical specialization"
          quality:
            format:
              minLength: 3
              maxLength: 50
        email:
          type: string
          description: "Email address"
          quality:
            format:
              pattern: "^[a-zA-Z0-9._%+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9.-]+\\.[a-zA-Z]{2,}$"
              caseFormat: "lowerCase"
      relationships:
        AFFILIATED_WITH:
          target: Institution
          cardinality: manyToMany
          properties:
            role:
              type: string
              description: "Role at institution"
            startDate:
              type: string
              description: "Affiliation start date"
        LEADS:
          target: Study
          cardinality: oneToMany
  ```
</CodeGroup>

### Healthcare Ontology Features

* **Medical coding**: ICD-10 code validation for conditions
* **Regulatory compliance**: FDA/EMA approval status tracking
* **Clinical phases**: Standard clinical trial phase terminology
* **Institutional relationships**: Complex affiliations between researchers and institutions
* **Higher quality thresholds**: Stricter validation for medical data accuracy

## Simple Blog Content Ontology

A minimal ontology for blog content management:

```yaml theme={null}
version: 1

entities:
  Post:
    properties:
      title:
        type: string
        description: "Blog post title"
        required: true
        quality:
          format:
            minLength: 5
            maxLength: 100
      slug:
        type: string
        description: "URL slug"
        unique: true
        quality:
          format:
            pattern: "^[a-z0-9-]+$"
      content:
        type: string
        description: "Post content"
        required: true
        quality:
          format:
            minLength: 100
      publishedDate:
        type: string
        description: "Publication date"
        quality:
          format:
            pattern: "^[0-9]{4}-[0-9]{2}-[0-9]{2}$"
      status:
        type: string
        description: "Post status"
        required: true
        quality:
          business:
            allowedValues: ["Draft", "Published", "Archived"]
    relationships:
      WRITTEN_BY:
        target: Author
        cardinality: manyToOne
      HAS_TAG:
        target: Tag
        cardinality: manyToMany

  Author:
    properties:
      name:
        type: string
        description: "Author name"
        required: true
        quality:
          format:
            minLength: 2
            maxLength: 50
      email:
        type: string
        description: "Author email"
        unique: true
        quality:
          format:
            pattern: "^[a-zA-Z0-9._%+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9.-]+\\.[a-zA-Z]{2,}$"
      bio:
        type: string
        description: "Author biography"
        quality:
          format:
            maxLength: 300

  Tag:
    properties:
      name:
        type: string
        description: "Tag name"
        required: true
        unique: true
        quality:
          format:
            minLength: 2
            maxLength: 30
            caseFormat: "lowerCase"
      description:
        type: string
        description: "Tag description"
        quality:
          format:
            maxLength: 150
```

This simple ontology demonstrates:

* **Content management** basics with posts, authors, and tags
* **URL slug validation** for SEO-friendly URLs
* **Status workflow** for content publishing
* **Many-to-many tagging** system

## Best Practices Demonstrated

Across these examples, notice these patterns:

<CardGroup cols={2}>
  <Card title="Naming Conventions" icon="tag">
    * **Entities**: PascalCase (`Company`, `BusinessSegment`)
    * **Properties**: camelCase (`employeeCount`, `filingDate`)
    * **Relationships**: UPPER\_CASE (`WORKS_FOR`, `HAS_SUBSIDIARY`)
  </Card>

  <Card title="Quality Rules" icon="shield-check">
    * **Required fields** for critical data
    * **Pattern validation** for structured data (emails, dates, codes)
    * **Business rules** to prevent common data quality issues
  </Card>

  <Card title="Relationship Design" icon="link">
    * **Clear cardinality** specifications
    * **Meaningful relationship names** that read naturally
    * **Relationship properties** for temporal and contextual data
  </Card>

  <Card title="Domain-Specific Rules" icon="building">
    * **Higher thresholds** for sensitive domains (healthcare: 85%)
    * **Industry-specific patterns** (CIK codes, ICD codes, ticker symbols)
    * **Controlled vocabularies** for categorical data
  </Card>
</CardGroup>

## Next Steps

<Card title="Test Your Ontology" icon="flask" href="/client/ontology-editor/validation">
  Learn how to validate and test your ontology with real data
</Card>